Jpn. J. Infect. Dis., 56, 119-121, 2003
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Laboratory and Epidemiology Communications
Polio and Other Enterovirus Isolation by Region in Ethiopia, 2000-2002
Berhane Beyene Mentaye*, Mebratu Zelalem, Angelo Asha, Yosef Tiruneh, Aklog Afework, Menberu Tedela, Tsion Bezuneh, AlmazG/senbet1, Femi Oyewole2, Almaz Abebe3, Tilahun Woldemichael4 and Oyewale Tomori5
Polio Laboratory and 3Virology and Ricketisiology Team, 4Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, 1Disease Prevention and Control Department, Ministry of Health of Ethiopia, 2World Health Organization /EPI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and 5World Health Organization Africa Office, Harare, Zimbabwe
Communicated by Hiroshi Yoshikura
(Accepted June 26, 2003)
*Corresponding author: Mailing address: Polio Laboratory, Ethiopian
Health and Nutrition Research Institute, P.O.Box1242, Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia. Fax: +251-1- 752277, E-mail: Berhane12@yahoo.com
Ethiopia is divided administratively into 11 regional states, 71 zones, and 528 woredas (equivalent to districts). There are 91 hospitals, 257 health centers, 1,108 health posts, and 2,992 health stations.
Regional states have different National Immunization Days (NIDs), and routine oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) coverage varies among regions due to differences in the health infrastructures among regions. Regions on the periphery of the country that need special attention are Somali, Afar, Gambella, and Benishangul (Fig. 1). According to an estimate by the Ministry of Health of Ethiopia, approximately 50% of the Ethiopian population has no access to health services mainly due to their geographical location.
Polio eradication is an international project launched by World Health Organization. Ethiopia conducted the first sub-NIDs (sNIDs) in 1996, followed by two rounds of NIDs every year thereafter. House-to-house immunization started in 1999, and contributed to increase immunization rates. In parallel, surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and laboratory diagnosis of stool specimens of AFP cases were conducted. This paper reports the laboratory results obtained in 2000-2002 with special reference to different regions of Ethiopia.
Table 1 shows the isolation rates of polio and non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV). The isolated polioviruses were all of the Sabin type except one wild poliovirus type I identified from KAT Zone in SNNP Region in 2001. The viruses were isolated at high frequencies from all regions where stool specimens were available. For the entire country of Ethiopia, poliovirus was isolated in 9-18% of AFP cases, and NPEV in 13-23%. For the remote regions, including Somali, Afar, Gambella and Benishangul, total poliovirus isolation rates were 13, 23, and 23%, and NPEV isolation rates were13, 30, and 8%, in 2000, 2001, and 2002, respectively. Given that the isolation rates in these regions were generally similar to those for the entire country of Ethiopia, the composition of stool specimens from these regions was considered comparable to that of those from other regions. Isolated polioviruses were all of the Sabin type, and Sabin types I, II, and III were represented (Table 2) except one wild poliovirus from SNNP Region in the year 2001. Table 3 shows the vaccine histories of the AFP cases from which the stool specimens derived. For the entire country of Ethiopia, 28-34% of cases had an unknown history of vaccination, and 11-18% had not received OPV. For the remote regions, Somali, Afar, Gambella, and Benishangul combined, the percentages of AFP patients with an unknown history of vaccination were 67, 39, and 43%, and those of patients who had not received OPV were 7, 21, and 12%, in 2000, 2001 and 2002, respectively.
Overall, there was essentially no difference in stool specimens
with respect to polio or NPEV isolation rates, types of Sabin
strains and OPV history of AFP patients whose stool specimens
were examined. From these criteria, it is considered that polio
laboratory diagnosis in Ethiopia is conducted remarkably well
despite of the geographic difficulties.
The authors thank Mr. Tesfaye Bedada, WHO data manager, the surveillance
officers of the Disease Prevention and Control Department of the
Ministry of Health, the surveillance officers under WHO, and personnel
from the 11 regions and 71 zones in Ethiopia, who are part of
the polio surveillance system and provided us with the original
surveillance information .The authors would also like to thank
Dr. Hiroshi Yamamoto of the Japanese International Cooperation
Agency, project leader of the Japanese Technical Cooperation for
the Laboratory Support for Polio Eradication Project, for his
advice on the laboratory work conducted in the Polio Laboratory,
Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, since 2001.
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